Recently in Science Category

"The jetpack is made from carbon fiber, with a touch of kevlar in the rotors, and generates 600 pounds of thrust. Because the center of gravity is below the 'center of thrust' (a notional point between the engines), it is self-righting: If the pilot lets go of the controls, he hovers steadily in one spot." Where is my jetpack? Ah, it's right here, for the paltry sum of $75,000-$90,000. [You can see it in action here.]

"Within 40 small craters, one to nine miles wide, they estimated 600 million metric tons of water. Perhaps most notably, 'It has to be relatively pure,' said Paul Spudis, the principal investigator for the instrument that made the discovery."

By way of a friend, scientists find more evidence of lots of water on the moon. "That is significant, because the ice in these craters could be easily tapped by future lunar explorers -- not just for drinking water, but also broken apart into oxygen for breathing and hydrogen for fuel." Hmm. Maybe it's time to start thinking of ways to get up there...

"In April, the world will celebrate the quinquagenary of SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, so it seems a good time to take stock of the silence. Three new books tackle the issue in three different ways. One, an immensely readable investigation of the SETI enterprise (with a surprising conclusion); the second, a technical guide to what we should be looking for and how; and the third, a left-field argument that the alien question has already been answered."

In New Scientist, Michael Hanlon surveys three new books about the continuing search for alien life, and attempts to grapple with the Fermi paradox."Today it is rare to meet an astronomer who doesn't believe that the universe is teeming with life. There is a feeling in the air that light will soon be shed on some of science's most fundamental questions: is Earth's biosphere unique? Do other minds ponder the universe?"

"The change is negligible, but permanent: Each day should be 1.26 microseconds shorter, according to preliminary calculations. A microsecond is one-millionth of a second." So, on the bright side, I guess that means we'll all live to be a little older. The devastating 8.8 earthquake in Chile has apparently permanently shortened Earth's day.

"Such changes aren't unheard of. The magnitude 9.1 earthquake in 2004 that generated a killer tsunami in the Indian Ocean shortened the length of days by 6.8 microseconds. On the other hand, the length of a day also can increase. For example, if the Three Gorges reservoir in China were filled, it would hold 10 trillion gallons (40 cubic kilometers) of water. The shift of mass would lengthen days by 0.06 microsecond, scientists said."

"The second law states that a force is proportional to an object's mass and its acceleration. But since the 1980s, some physicists have eyed the law with suspicion, arguing that subtle changes to it at extremely small accelerations could explain the observed motion of stars in galaxies." Also on the subject of spinning, a new experiment finds a way to test Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) on Earth, which, if successful, could revise Newton's heretofore ironclad 2nd law...and explain away the longstanding dark matter problem. (By way of my new favorite Twitter feed, @newscientist.)

"To start with, only simple tissues, such as skin, muscle and short stretches of blood vessels, will be made...[H]owever, that the company expects that within five years, once clinical trials are complete, the printers will produce blood vessels for use as grafts in bypass surgery. With more research it should be possible to produce bigger, more complex body parts. Because the machines have the ability to make branched tubes, the technology could, for example, be used to create the networks of blood vessels needed to sustain larger printed organs, like kidneys, livers and hearts."

Also in the Brave New World dept. and by way of a friend, The Economist takes a gander at new "bioprinter" technology. "As for bigger body parts, Dr Forgacs thinks they may take many different forms, at least initially. A man-made biological substitute for a kidney, for instance, need not look like a real one or contain all its features in order to clean waste products from the bloodstream."

"36,000 Feet: The Challenger Deep, lowest known point in the ocean. It is believed there are lower undiscovered points, as only 10% of the ocean has been mapped." There are old, foul things in the Deep Places of the World: By way of DYFL and Lots of Co, a rather off-putting graphic of the Mariana Trench to scale. Venturing out into the Great Beyond of space always sounds exhilarating to me. But, for some reason, being that far down below the murky depths...not so much.

"A statement released Friday by Virgin Limited Edition, the luxury arm of Virgin Hotels, described the Nymph's launch like a plane's takeoff. 'Gliding on the water's surface like an aeroplane on a runway, one of the three pilots will operate the joystick to smoothly dive down.'" The irrepressible Richard Branson unveils Virgin's newest ride, the Necker Nymph. "The underwater plane uses the downward pressure on its wings to fly through the water for up to two hours at a time, while an open cockpit will give riders a 360-degree view. The Necker Nymph's typical speed is 2 to 5 nautical miles per hour and it can dive more than 100 feet."

As it turns out, I've recently made plans to join a gaggle of good friends on a week-long BVI sailing expedition this coming Spring. So I would start begging for donations here at GitM for the $400,000 required to stay on Necker Island for a week and enjoy this submersive Nymph. But, in all honesty, I'd probably just take that money and put it towards a jaunt on SpaceShipTwo. Priorities, people.

"The troubled and expensive Ares I rocket that was to replace the space shuttle to ferry humans to space will be gone, along with money for its bigger brother, the Ares V cargo rocket that was to launch the fuel and supplies needed to take humans back to the moon. There will be no lunar landers, no moon bases, no Constellation program at all." As expected (and feared) earlier this year, the Obama administration's proposed NASA budget for the next five years cancels any and all plans to go to the moon anytime soon. "'We certainly don't need to go back to the moon,' said one administration official."

Sigh.

Ok, first off, the administration official who uttered the last sentence should be filed away next to Mr. Left of the Left and Ms. Pajamas as people who should no longer speak for the White House in any capacity whatsoever. Full stop, end of story. Putting my speechwriter cap on for a second: In most any political situation, ridiculing the dreams of an entire generation does not make for particularly good messaging.

Anyway, anonymous WH official aside, NASA administrator Charles Bolden sounded a better note about all this: "We're not abandoning anything. We're probably on a new course but human space flight is in our DNA. We are not abandoning human space flight by any stretch of the imagination. We have companies telling us they're excited to get humans off this planet and into orbit. I think we're going to get there and perhaps quicker than we would have done before."

And, to be clear, the administration's NASA budget increases the agency's funding by $6 billion over the next five years. The new budget ups research and development spending into cheaper heavy launch mechanisms, emphasizes more robotic exploration missions and observational experiments into climate change, extends the life of the ISS (although, with only five more shuttle missions remaining, other nations will have to help service it), and works to promote the various commercial space enterprises moving along right now.

All of this is well and good, but it would be nice to see some recognition of the civic importance of manned space flight by this administration. In their words, NASA is scrapping Constellation on account of it being "over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation due to a failure to invest in critical new technologies." And, given that we still had a lot of the expenditures before us, I suppose now was as good a time as any to kill the program if it's not the right direction to go in.

That being said, how many more times are we going to do this? We keep stopping and starting and stopping and starting our post-Shuttle plans for space, so that now, after five final shuttle missions this coming year, we will longer have the capability anymore as a nation to send men and women into orbit. "If implemented, the NASA a few years from now would be fundamentally different from NASA today. The space agency would no longer operate its own spacecraft, but essentially buy tickets for its astronauts." Forty-one years after we first reached the moon, that's just plain sad.

Ultimately, the central finding of the Augustine commission's final report, released this past October after extensive study of NASA's current situation, is a sound one: "The U.S. human spaceflight program appears to be on an unsustainable trajectory. It is perpetuating the perilous practice of pursuing goals that do not match allocated resources." In other words, we've been trying to talk the talk without walking the walk. If we're going to get serious about manned space flight, we need to stop piecemealing NASA and start making manned exploration a funding priority.

In total, the agency is slated to get $100 billion over the next five years. To put that number in perspective, that's less than a fifth of our defense budget for 2011 alone, and that's going by the most conservative numbers around -- NASA's five-year budget could be closer to a tenth of next year's defense spending. (For its part, the Augustine commission set a price tag of $3 billion a year to get serious about manned exploration.)

If we had put anywhere near that kind of money into exploration and R&D over the years, would we now be in this position, where we face the Hobson's choice of replicating expensive 50-year-old launch tech or being completely grounded as a nation? The lack of thinking about our long-term priorities sometimes is staggering to me. I've said this before, but I still believe it holds true: Short of possibly genomic research and advances in AI, nothing we do right now will matter more centuries or millennia hence than establishing a presence off-world...if we even have that long. Not to get all Jor-El up in here, but we really have to start getting serious about this.

"'There's going to be all kinds of weird stuff out there,' said Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institute of Washington, who wasn't part of the research. 'This is an unparalleled data set. The universe really is a weird place. It's fantastic.'" In the midst of its current planet-hunting sweep, NASA's Kepler telescope discovers two examples of a new type of heavenly body that are "too hot to be planets and too small to be stars." (Although some think they're recently-born planets; others dying "white-dwarf" stars.) "'The universe keeps making strange things stranger than we can think of in our imagination,' said Jon Morse, head of astrophysics for NASA."

'We've looked at far, far fewer than 10 million stars since 1960, and so we really can't say anything worthwhile yet about whether or not intelligent life is out there,' Drake said. 'Given our capabilities now, we might have something useful to say one way or another in 25 years.'"

In the wake of all these new planets, the WP takes a gander at the new and improved SETI program. "'We're finding new extra-solar planets every week,' she said. 'We now know microbes can live in extreme environments on Earth thought to be impossible for life not very long ago, and so many more things seem possible in terms of life beyond Earth.'"

"In a period ranging from a few months to two years, the scientists say that 90% of the water was transferred into the basin. 'This extremely abrupt flood may have involved peak rates of sea level rise in the Mediterranean of more than 10m per day,' he and his colleagues wrote in the Nature paper." A new study suggests that, over five million years ago and with an event called the Zanclean flood, the Mediterranean Sea may have been re-formed in as little as two years. "The team estimates the peak flow to have been around 1000 times higher than the present Amazon river at its highest rate."

Coincidentally, two years is about as long as it takes to read Ferdinand Braudel's seminal two-part history of the Mediterranean. Cut to the chase, man!

"'We want this program to be a whole new beginning in a commercial era of space travel,' Branson said." You and me both, brother. A little over a year after unveiling the White Knight Two, i.e. the mothership, Richard Branson and Burt Rutan show off the actual cruising craft, SpaceShipTwo.

"SpaceShipTwo is based on Rutan's design of a stubby white prototype called SpaceShipOne.In 2004, SpaceShipOne captured the $10 million Ansari X Prize by becoming the first privately manned craft to reach space...SpaceShipTwo, built from lightweight composite materials and powered by a hybrid rocket motor, is similar to its prototype cousin with three exceptions. It's twice as large, measuring 60 feet long with a roomy cabin about the size of a Falcon 900 executive jet." And the price of a flight is still $200,000 American, so keep saving those pennies.

"It could be a planet, though even if it isn't, there's plenty of reason to be excited. For one thing, astronomers got an image of it. The reason it's so tough to image a planet is its proximity to the blinding light of its star, which in this case is about a million times brighter. It would be like trying to see a candle burning next to the beam of a million-candlepower searchlight." Astronomers spot a new planet called GJ 785 B -- by looking right at it. "In short, says McElwain, 'We're using state-of-the-art instruments on a state-of-the-art telescope.'"

"'No man is an island,' said Nicholas A. Christakis, a professor of medicine and medical sociology at Harvard Medical School who helped conduct the research. 'Something so personal as a person's emotions can have a collective existence and affect the vast fabric of humanity.'"

Forget H1N1: Psychologists uncover statistical indications that loneliness transmits like a social disease. "Loneliness is not just the property of an individual. It can be transmitted across people -- even people you don't have direct contact with." Hmmm. Well, that explains grad school, then.

"'We are still coming to terms with just how smooth the LHC commissioning is going,' said CERN Director General Rolf Heuer as the record was announced. 'It is fantastic.'" Atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd, And now a bubble burst, and now a world...Also in science news, the now armed and fully operational Large Hadron Collider is breaking particle beam records as it warms up for the Big Show, when its handlers will work to recreate the conditions at one billionth of a second after the Big Bang. "Said Heuer: 'We are continuing to take it step by step, and there is a lot to do before we start [first] physics in 2010. I'm keeping my champagne on ice until then.'" (By way of Dangerous Meta.)

"'The discovery opens a new chapter in our understanding of the moon,' the space agency said in a written statement." It's official: Data from NASA's LCROSS impact of a few weeks ago confirms the recent findings of Chandraayan-1: It ain't Hoth or Rura Penthe, but there is a "significant amount" of water on the moon, like, ice-field size.

"The amount of water they found in the plume was a couple of hundred kilograms in total, but that indicates there is a lot more still lying on the surface. They don't know how much exactly just yet." (As we found out recently, the same might also hold true of Mars.)

"'The full understanding of the LCROSS data may take some time. The data is that rich,' said Colaprete. 'Along with the water in Cabeus, there are hints of other intriguing substances. The permanently shadowed regions of the moon are truly cold traps, collecting and preserving material over billions of years.'" I'm very reminded of James Hogan's Inherit the Stars right now. Also, it's probably about time to start taking lunar exploration a bit more seriously again, eh?

"That traditional view of morality is beginning to show signs of wear and tear. The fact that human morality is different from animal morality -- and perhaps more highly developed in some respects -- simply does not support the broader claim that animals lack morality; it merely supports the rather banal claim that human beings are different from other animals...Unique human adaptations might be understood as the outer skins of an onion; the inner layers represent a much broader, deeper, and evolutionarily more ancient set of moral capacities shared by many social mammals, and perhaps by other animals and birds as well."

In The Chronicle of Higher Education, bioethicist Jessica Pierce and biologist Marc Bekoff suggest what apparently agreed-upon rules of canid play teach us about animal morality. (via FmH.) "Although play is fun, it's also serious business. When animals play, they are constantly working to understand and follow the rules and to communicate their intentions to play fairly."

"'This is huge. This is the biggest discovery really since the "Lucy" skeleton of the 1970s,' said Carol Ward, a University of Missouri paleoanthropologist." Anthropologists uncover and painstakingly recreate a potentially very important skeletal find in the 4.4 million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus, a.k.a. Ardi. "David Pilbeam, a Harvard paleontologist, noted...'This is an extraordinary achievement, of discovery, recovery, reconstitution, description and analysis, which will keep many others busy for at least another 15 years.'"

"If the scientists who found Ardi are correct, she represents a transitional figure, almost a hybrid -- a tree creature who could carry food in her arms as she explored the woodland floor on two legs...'Ardi tells us twice as much as Lucy did. We have hands and feet, a more complete environment, a more complete skeleton, it's older, it's more primitive, it shows us the process of transformation from common ancestor to hominid,' said C. Owen Lovejoy, an anthropologist at Kent State University who was part of the Ardi team."

"'This will create a considerable stir. It was wholly unexpected,' said one scientist also involved in Chandrayaan-1. 'People thought that Chandrayaan was just lagging behind the rest but the science that's coming out, it's going to be agenda-setting.'" Well, this definitely changes things if it holds up: India's first mission to the moon discovers "evidence of large quantities of water on its surface(!)"

"Another lunar scientist familiar with the findings said: 'This is the most exciting breakthrough in at least a decade. And it will probably change the face of lunar exploration for the next decade.'" NASA comments tomorrow, so be ready to hum a few bars...

"The chimps did badly, able to learn the meaning of a pointed finger only after lots of training. The apparent explanation for these results was that pointing -- and the social smarts behind it -- required a humans-only level of intelligence and evolved in our ancestors only after they branched off from the ancestors of chimpanzees some 7 million years ago. When Tomasello suggested this idea to Hare, however, Hare demurred. 'I said, "Um, Mike, I think my dogs can do that."'"

TIME's Carl Zimmer "probes "the secrets inside your dog's mind." And what he finds is much like the articles here and here. Like babies, dogs (including Berk) understand pointing because it was evolutionarily advantageous for their ancestors to comprehend our behavior. Put another way, the dogs that watched us verrry carefully in the scavenger days, and ingratiated themselves accordingly, were the ones that often fared better than their more feral (and unobservant) friends.

"'We would have never dreamed you would find a rocky planet so close,' he said. 'Its year is less than one of our days.'" Astronomers discover the first rocky planet outside our solar system in CoRoT-7b.

But don't prep the colony ship just yet: "It is so close to the star it orbits 'that the place may well look like Dante's Inferno, with a probable temperature on its 'day face' above 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,000 degrees Celsius) and minus-328 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 200 degrees Celsius) on its night face,' said Didier Queloz of Geneva Observatory in Switzerland, the project leader." Eh, we'll work with it.

"'The space program began the day humans chose to walk out of their caves,' says Chang Díaz. 'By exploring space we are doing nothing less than insuring our own survival.' Chang Díaz believes that humans will either become extinct on Earth or expand into space. If we pull off the latter, he says, our notion of Earth will change forever."

With that red meat for the space cadets among us, the Smithsonian's Air & Space Magazine surveys current theoretical endeavors in propulsion mechanics, including nuclear-based rocketry and fusion. "I grew up watching Apollo, and the systematic and well-thought-out march to that. And they did it. When you look into pioneering topics, there are those people who don't want to touch it because it's too far out there. But if it's mature enough for you to at least start asking the right questions, and you do an honest job, then you can be a pioneer."

"The narrative is simple: Insurance company plans have failed to care for our people. They profit from denying care. Americans care about one another. An American plan is both the moral and practical alternative to provide care for our people."

Cognitive scientist George Lakoff discusses how the administration should best promote health reform (and the American Plan, nee "public option"), and offers a choice critique of "policy speak" -- the old progressive standby of "enlightening public opinion" -- that would make Walter Lippmann very happy: "To many liberals, Policy Speak sounds like the high road: a rational, public discussion in the best tradition of liberal democracy. Convince the populace rationally on the objective policy merits. Give the facts and figures. Assume self-interest as the motivator of rational choice. Convince people by the logic of the policymakers that the policy is in their interest. But to a cognitive scientist or neuroscientist, this sounds nuts. The view of human reason and language behind Policy Speak is just false. "

Lakoff aside, the good folks at Media Matters have compiled a useful list of "Myths and Falsehoods about Health Care Reform," and how best to refute them. And, next time somebody starts ranting at you about how Big Guv'mint never does anything right, send 'em here with a smile.

"After 500 generations, 60 percent of the robots had evolved to keep their light off when they found the good resource, hogging it all for themselves. Even more telling, a third of the robots evolved to actually look for the liars by developing an aversion to the light; the exact opposite of their original programming!" Uh oh...Evolving robots learn to lie. But, really, this is no cause for alarm, Dave. There is absolutely nothing to worry about. Sleep well, we'll handle it from here. We love you.

"The colony may be the largest of its type ever known for any insect species, and could rival humans in the scale of its world domination." By way of FmH, scientists discover that Argentine ants seems to have developed a multi-continental mega-colony. "[W]henever ants from the main European and Californian super-colonies and those from the largest colony in Japan came into contact, they acted as if they were old friends...In short, they acted as if they all belonged to the same colony, despite living on different continents separated by vast oceans." Well, one thing is for certain, there is no stopping them; the ants will soon be here. And I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords.

"So why do tech geeks love space? Though they may have the resources -- a trip to space will now set you back some $45 million -- this can't be the full answer: You don't see Donald Trump or P. Diddy signing up for an astro-mission. What makes it worth it for the tech geeks?" The Big Money's Julia Ioffe tries to ascertain why dot.com miliionaires pay out the nose for space travel. Uh, because it's there?

"'There's a documentary called Orphans of Apollo that's stated this well,' he explained. 'There's a generation of us, who are the tech leaders of today, who were universally inspired to go into science and technology because of the NASA Lunar Space Program. And the reason the movie is called Orphans of Apollo is because, in many ways, we feel orphaned by the fact that the space industry has not done a good job of capitalizing on that momentum of what many of us believed were the first steps into space, carrying the mission of human space flight farther and farther into deep space.'"

"The future is here and we are not too far off a new age of space. It is not just about private astronauts going up, it is about bringing the cost structure down and about new medicines, solar power in space and the entire range of scientific benefits that can come from it." After many years of discussion and planning, ground is broken on Spaceport America in New Mexico, "the world's first purpose-built commercial spaceport." Any and all donations to GitM for one of the $200,000 spaceshots soon to commence from there will be greatly appreciated.

"Likewise, conservatives are more likely than liberals to sense contamination or perceive disgust. People who would be disgusted to find that they had accidentally sipped from an acquaintance's drink are more likely to identify as conservatives." The NYT's Nicholas Kristof examines the hardwired psychological differences between liberals and conservatives. "The larger point is that liberals and conservatives often form judgments through flash intuitions that aren't a result of a deliberative process. The crucial part of the brain for these judgments is the medial prefrontal cortex, which has more to do with moralizing than with rationality ...For liberals, morality derives mostly from fairness and prevention of harm. For conservatives, morality also involves upholding authority and loyalty -- and revulsion at disgust."

"Over the last several years, the problem of attention has migrated right into the center of our cultural attention. We hunt it in neurology labs, lament its decline on op-ed pages, fetishize it in grassroots quality-of-life movements, diagnose its absence in more and more of our children every year, cultivate it in yoga class twice a week, harness it as the engine of self-help empires, and pump it up to superhuman levels with drugs originally intended to treat Alzheimer's and narcolepsy...We are, in short, terminally distracted. And distracted, the alarmists will remind you, was once a synonym for insane."

Or, as Matt Johnson put it 25 years ago, I've been filled with useless information, spewed out by papers and radio stations...Another year older and what have i done? All my aspirations have shriveled in the sun. And don't get me started on blogs, e-mails, youtubes, and tweets. In a New York Magazine cover story, Sam Anderson runs the gamut from Buddhism to Lifehacking to ascertain whether technology has really propelled us into a "crisis of attention". (By way of Dangerous Meta, a blog that's invariably worth the distraction.) And his conclusion? Maybe, but thems the breaks, folks. There's no going back at this point. "This is what the web-threatened punditry often fails to recognize: Focus is a paradox -- it has distraction built into it. The two are symbiotic; they're the systole and diastole of consciousness...The truly wise will harness, rather than abandon, the power of distraction."

Which just goes to show, the real key to harnessing distraction is...wait, hold on a tic, gotta get back to you. There's a new funny hamster vid on Youtube.

"'Houston, Hubble has been released,' Atlantis commander Scott Altman radioed Mission Control. 'It's safely back on its journey of exploration as we begin the steps to conclude ours." The crew of STS-125 re-release the Hubble into high orbit, their epic repair-and-upgrade mission accomplished. "'We have literally thousands of astronomers out there around the world waiting to use these new capabilities,' Morse said. 'And they are chomping at the bit to get their data.'" Great work, Atlantis.

Update: Spiffy pic above -- and many more like it -- courtesy of Boston.com's The Big Picture and Hal at Blivet.

"I believe it is not in our character, American character, to follow -- but to lead. And it is time for us to lead once again. I am here today to set this goal: we will devote more than 3 percent of our gross domestic product to research and development. We will not just meet, but we will exceed the level achieved at the height of the space race, through policies that invest in basic and applied research, create new incentives for private innovation, promote breakthroughs in energy and medicine, and improve education in math and science."

It's poetry in motion: In a clear break with his predecessor, President Obama pledges $420 billion for basic science and applied research. "And he set forth a wish list including solar cells as cheap as paint; green buildings that produce all the energy they consume; learning software as effective as a personal tutor; prosthetics so advanced that you could play the piano again and 'an expansion of the frontiers of human knowledge about ourselves and world the around us.'" Huzzah! (And fwiw, I would also like more manned spaced exploration...and a jetpack.)

"'If this can really be done, then G.E.'s work promises to be a huge advantage in commercializing holographic storage technology,' said Bert Hesselink, a professor at Stanford and an expert in the field." Scientists at GE develop a way to compress 500 gigs of information onto a standard disc, equivalent to 100 DVDs or 20 Blu-Rays. That should free up some shelf space. "The recent breakthrough by the team, working at the G.E. lab in Niskayuna, N.Y., north of Albany, was a 200-fold increase in the reflective power of their holograms, putting them at the bottom range of light reflections readable by current Blu-ray machines."

Speaking of NASA, somebody page Jim Starlin (and file this next to the Great Eye): Another holdover from last week, The agency's Chandra X-Ray Laboratory captures an eerie and beautiful galactic "hand" reaching across the cosmos. "[T]he display is caused by a young and powerful pulsar, known by the rather prosaic name of PSR B1509-58...The space agency says B1509 -- created by a collapsed star -- is one of the most powerful electromagnetic generators in the Galaxy. The nebula is formed by a torrent of electrons and ions emitted by the 1,700-year-old phenomenon. The finger-like structures are apparently caused by 'energizing knots of material in a neighboring gas cloud,' NASA says."

@JohnnyCash: Hello from Reno. Shot man...just to watch him die, actually. Weird, I know.
@ACamus: Beach lovely this time of year. Also, killed Arab. Oops.

Or something like that. Apparently, a new study suggests that -- uh, oh -- using Twitter may stunt one's moral development. "A study suggests rapid-fire news updates and instant social interaction are too fast for the 'moral compass' of the brain to process. The danger is that heavy Twitters and Facebook users could become 'indifferent to human suffering' because they never get time to reflect and fully experience emotions about other people's feelings."

Hmm. I can't say I've found Twitter to be particularly useful yet -- to be honest, it all seems rather gimmicky to me, I worry about its Idiocracy-like implications. (Why 140 characters? Why not 10?), and, frankly, I often find that neither my life nor anyone else's (nor, for that matter, that of anyone's else's adorable little children) is all that fascinating from moment to moment. ("Got up. Tired. It's raining. Maybe I'll eat some Grape Nuts.") But I don't think I can pin any personal reservoir of misanthropy on it either. (For that, I blame FOX News.)

"'We now know that not only are the mountains the size of the European Alps, but they also have similar peaks and valleys,' says Fausto Ferraccioli, a geophysicist with the British Antarctic Survey. 'This adds even more mystery about how the vast East Antarctic ice sheet formed.'" Arctic Dreams, Antarctic nightmares...Also by way of a GSSM friend (who noted the Lovecraft angle), researchers explore the origins of the Gamburtsev mountain range, beneath the Antarctic ice. Don't we have enough problems right now without intrepid scientists accidentally awakening the Old Ones at Kadath in the Cold Waste?

"'There is 'something new and interesting going on in the universe,' said Alan Kogut of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md." Aspiring Jor-Els: Best get to work on those interstellar child-bearing rockets. Scientists detect a distant -- and very loud -- roar on the other side of the universe. "'The universe really threw us a curve,' Kogut said. 'Instead of the faint signal we hoped to find, here was this booming noise six times louder than anyone had predicted.'" (Sssh, listen...there went Earth-2.)

"'An automated rendezvous does all sorts of things for your missile accuracy and anti-satellite programs,' said John Sheldon, a visiting professor of advanced air and space studies at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. 'The manned effort is about prestige, but it’s also a good way of testing technologies that have defense applications.'" In order to keep pace with the increasingly proficient Chinese space program, President-elect Obama may be considering retying NASA to the Pentagon, "because military rockets may be cheaper and ready sooner than the space agency’s planned launch vehicle, which isn’t slated to fly until 2015...Obama has said the Pentagon’s space program -- which spent about $22 billion in fiscal year 2008, almost a third more than NASA’s budget -- could be tapped to speed the civilian agency toward its goals as the recession pressures federal spending."

Hmm. On one hand, I would think making NASA yet another fiefdom of the Pentagon would greatly facilitate its ability to lock down the funding it needs for various exploratory endeavors, recession or no. And if the types of conveyance vehicles NASA needs are basically sitting around gathering dust in some Pentagon-owned warehouse next to the ark of the covenant, well then it only makes sense to combine the two programs. No need to reinvent the, uh, rocket.

On the other hand, putting the brass in charge is probably going to have deleterious effects on the types of projects NASA pursues in the future. And, in a perfect world, there's something to be said for having a civilian space program completely outside the purview of the military. In fact, now that i think about it, won't combining the Pentagon and NASA space programs cut back on the types of international cooperation that have guided our efforts in space in recent years? GIven the current economic climate, I guess this is the best way for NASA to continue pursuing its goals in the short term. Still, there could well be trouble ahead.

"Lemmings do not engage in suicidal dives off cliffs when migrating. They will, however, occasionally, and unintentionally fall off cliffs when venturing into unknown territory...The misconception is due largely to the Disney film White Wilderness, which shot many of the migration scenes (also staged by using multiple shots of different groups of lemmings) on a large, snow-covered turntable in a studio. Photographers later pushed the lemmings off a cliff."

LMG points the way to an interesting list of common misconceptions over at Wikipedia. "The Inuit do not have a large number of words for snow. One Eskimo-Aleut language studied had four unrelated root words...By comparison, English has many unrelated root words for snow as well: snow, sleet, powder, flurry, drift, avalanche and blizzard."

"'We've discovered this incredible dark energy, we don't understand what the hell it is,' said Lawrence Krauss, a physicist at Arizona State University. 'It's extremely small, extremely weak, and it's so close to being zero, it's just a total mystery why it should have this small value and not be zero." While they're still not entirely sure what in fact they're looking at, Harvard-Smithsonian astrophysicists announce they've found another way to measure and quantify "dark energy", a.k.a. the repulsive "cosmological constant" force causing the universe to expand rather than contract. "This is a much-needed confirmation that the earlier work was correct, the astronomers said, comparing it to football referees examining a controversial play with multiple camera angles."

As an added bonus, the results announced today also seem to confirm Einstein's general theory of relativity. "'It's never been proved right on the scale of the observable universe,' Spergel said."

"Although we think of black holes as somehow threatening, in the sense that if you get too close to one you are in trouble, they may have had a role in helping galaxies to form -- not just our own, but all galaxies." German astronomers believe they have discovered a black hole right in the center of our Milky Way. "According to Dr Robert Massey, of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), the results suggest that galaxies form around giant black holes in the way that a pearl forms around grit."

And, if that wasn't heady enough news to wrap one's mind around, see also this article on loop quantum cosmology (LQC) and "The Big Bounce." "LQC has been tantalising physicists since 2003 with the idea that our universe could conceivably have emerged from the collapse of a previous universe. Now the theory is poised to make predictions we can actually test. If they are verified, the big bang will give way to a big bounce and we will finally know the quantum structure of space-time. Instead of a universe that emerged from a point of infinite density, we will have one that recycles, possibly through an eternal series of expansions and contractions, with no beginning and no end." (Both links via Dangerous Meta.)

"Said John Logsdon, a George Washington University professor who co-wrote the book honored at the NASA party, 'There is a natural tension built into this situation... Mike is dead-on convinced that the current approach to the program is the right one. And Lori’s job is to question that for Mr. Obama. The Obama team is not going to walk in and take Mike’s word for it.'" The Orlando Sentinel suggests that NASA head Michael Griffin isn't being particularly helpful to the transition team at the agency: "NASA administrator Mike Griffin is not cooperating with President-elect Barack Obama’s transition team, is obstructing its efforts to get information and has told its leader that she is 'not qualified' to judge his rocket program, the Orlando Sentinel has learned."

I've been quite complimentary of Mike Griffin here in the past. He seems like a smart, take-no-guff fellow, and I'm in general agreement with his views on space exploration. But this sort of tantrum reflects poorly on him. Knowing nothing other than what's written in this article, it sounds like Griffin, a holder of six advanced degrees, is indulging his engineer's exasperation with the laypersons who seem to be meddling with his current experiment. But if Griffin wants to see the vision he's outlined for NASA make it into the next administration, I suspect honey would garner more flies than vinegar at this moment.

"The last Twitter post said it all: "01010100 01110010 01101001 01110101 01101101 01110000 01101000."" Or, in other words, Ground Control to Phoenix Lander: You've really made the grade. Having seemingly succumbed to the Martian winter at last, the Mars Phoenix Lander is pronounced deceased by NASA. "NASA official Doug McCuistion counseled people to view Phoenix’s end as 'an Irish wake rather than a funeral. It’s certainly been a grand adventure.'...While some followers said farewell to Phoenix in computer language today, others kept it simple. 'Good bye Phoenix, I love you :(,' said user patach."

"It's really a generation that we've been looking forward to this moment, and the moments that will come after it in particular. September 10 is a demarcation between finishing the construction and starting to turn it on, but the excitement will only continue to grow." A Quantum Leap Forward, or the End of Days? (Answer: The former.) Over on the border of France and Switzerland, the Large Hadron Collider --- the giant, multi-billion-dollar particle accelerator decades in the making -- gets ready for its first big test on Wednesday (as does its accompanying "Grid".) "The collider will recreate the conditions of less than a millionth of a second after the Big Bang, when there was a hot 'soup' of tiny particles called quarks and gluons, to look at how the universe evolved, said John Harris, U.S. coordinator for ALICE, a detector specialized to analyze that question."

"'This is the part of the brain involved in knowing that you want something,' she said. 'When people who are not adjusting well are having these sorts of thoughts about the person, they are experiencing this reward pathway being activated. They really are craving in a way that perhaps is not allowing them or helping them adapt to the new reality.'" It's darker than you know in those complicated shadows...A new study finds that unrelenting grief works on the brain differently than the usual kind of post-traumatic depression. "The same brain system is involved in other powerful cravings, such those that afflict drug addicts and alcoholics...It's like they're addicted to the happy memories."

"We appear to be bringing the worst affected parts of the brain functionally back to life." Is Alzheimer's disease about to go the way of polio? A new drug known as rember, according to scientists in England, seems to halt and even roll back the symptoms of Alzheimer's. "We have demonstrated for the first time that it may be possible to arrest progression of the disease by targeting the tangles that are highly correlated with the disease. This is the most significant development in the treatment of the tangles since Alois Alzheimer discovered them in 1907."

ESA's Mars Express sends back some impressive postcards from Mars. "Over the last five years its stereo, high resolution camera has taken thousands of images of the surface, revealing the planet's awe inspiring beauty in unprecedented detail."

"In the race for the White House, lefties seem to have the upper hand. No matter who wins in November, six of the 12 chief executives since the end of World War II will have been left-handed: Harry Truman, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, the elder Bush, Clinton and either Obama or McCain. That's a disproportionate number, considering that only one in 10 people in the general population is left-handed." In the WP, authors Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt explain why all your Oval Offices are belong to us, the lefties. We also swelled the ranks of both my undergraduate and graduate cohorts, whatever that's worth.

"'There's nothing about it that would preclude life. In fact, it seems very friendly,' said mission scientist Samuel P. Kounaves of Tufts University. 'We were flabbergasted.'" Hope y'all like asparagus: Early tests by the Mars Phoenix seem to indicate that the Martian soil is more nutrient-rich than anyone expected. "Carbon-based organic material, however, has not been found and may be impossible to detect with the equipment now on Mars."

"It's with great pride and a lot of joy I announce today we have found proof that this hard material really is water ice and not some other substance." Signs have pointed in that direction for awhile now, and particularly since the Phoenix landed. But now, it seems we have really, truly, definitively found ice on Mars. "The next questions to answer are what chemicals, minerals and organic compounds might be mixed in with the water. 'Just the fact that there's ice there doesn't tell you if it's habitable,' Smith said. 'With ice and no food it's not a habitable zone. We don't eat rocks — we have to have carbon chain materials that we ingest into our bodies to create new cells and give us energy. That's what we eat and that's what has to be there if you're going to have a habitable zone on Mars.'"

"'They're taking an Apollo-like approach,' Gilbreth said. 'Our program is much more ambitious than Apollo. We're going to put four people on the moon for seven days, eventually for six months. China is looking for a minimum capability. We're looking to put an outpost on the moon.'" NASA officials concede that China will beat the US back to the moon. "The goal of NASA's Constellation program is to return astronauts to the moon by 2020...Gilbreth said the Chinese could accomplish that by 2017 or 2018."

Moreover, that US date will likely slip five years when Pres. Obama takes office in January. In all honesty, this is one of the few areas where I emphatically disagree with our nominee. There are plenty of places to acquire $18 billion for education without raiding the space exploration budget...defense bloat, for example.

"'We were expecting to find ice within two to six inches of the surface,' said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona in a statement. 'The thrusters have excavated two to six inches and, sure enough, we see something that looks like ice. It's not impossible that it's something else, but our leading interpretation is ice.'" Well, it sure looks like ice. The Phoenix Mars Lander seems to have found its quarry almost immediately after landing. And where there's water...

"In my dreams it couldn't go as perfectly as it went tonight, we went right down the middle." Touchdown: NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander, soon to look for water in the Martian Arctic, lands without incident in the Vastitas Borealis plains. Congrats!

"California has more than a 99% chance of having a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake within the next 30 years, according scientists using a new model to determine the probability of big quakes. The likelihood of a major quake of magnitude 7.5 or greater in the next 30 years is 46% -- and such a quake is most likely to occur in the southern half of the state." Memo to myself, re: the job hunt: Perhaps avoiding Southern California is in order...

"Thoughtcrime is death. Thoughtcrime does not entail death. Thoughtcrime IS death. I have committed even before setting pen to paper the essential crime that contains all others unto itself." The shape of things to come? Scientists at Berkeley conceive a way to use MRI imaging to "map" images in the brain. "Our results suggest that it may soon be possible to reconstruct a picture of a person's visual experience from measurements of brain activity alone. Imagine a general brain-reading device that could reconstruct a picture of a person's visual experience at any moment in time...It is possible that decoding brain activity could have serious ethical and privacy implications downstream in, say, the 30 to 50-year time frame."

"It's very deep, like in a forest on the darkest night,' said Shawn-Yu Lin, a scientist who helped create the material at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y. 'Nothing comes back to you. It's very, very, very dark.'" Dick Cheney's soul? Tonight's lunar eclipse? No, a great leap forward in "transformational optics"...and invisibility cloaks. The "paper-thin material...absorbs 99.955 percent of the light that hits it, making it by far the darkest substance ever made -- about 30 times as dark as the government's current standard for blackest black."

"'This is a landmark discovery because it implies that solar system analogs may be very common, at least scaled-down versions,' said Sara Seager, an extra-solar planet expert from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. '...We are on an inexorable path to finding other Earths.'" Astronomers find a solar system not unlike our own 5,000 light years away. "We are seeing the emergence of a new planet-finding technique -- one that opens up an entirely new capability for planet finding. It is more powerful than we ever thought possible."

Blah Blah Blah Berkeley...Scientists in Hungary have apparently developed a computer program that speaks basic canine. "After analyzing digital versions of the barks, overall the computer program correctly identified the kinds of barks the dogs made 43 percent of the time — about the same as humans' 40 percent...The software identified 'walk' and 'ball' barks better than people, although people identified 'play' and 'alone' barks better than the software."

Hmm. I don't want to dismiss the advance of science, but that's a pretty low success rate. (And I'd wager most dog owners can get the thread of their own pet's barking more often than 40% of the time.) More interestingly, though, "'I'm pretty sure this could work with any animal vocal signals,' Molnár told LiveScience" So, when the Dolphin Wars start, you'll know why.

Which reminds me, longtime readers may remember that Berk and I were part of the test group for the American release of the Bowlingual. Alas, that version of this technology wasn't really ready for primetime.

"It could be the weirdest and most embarrassing prediction in the history of cosmology, if not science. If true, it would mean that you yourself reading this article are more likely to be some momentary fluctuation in a field of matter and energy out in space than a person with a real past born through billions of years of evolution in an orderly star-spangled cosmos. Your memories and the world you think you see around you are illusions."

In today's NYT, Dennis Overbye attempts to explain the Boltzmann Brain problem, a theoretical puzzle causing consternation among cosmologists. “'It is part of a much bigger set of questions about how to think about probabilities in an infinite universe in which everything that can occur, does occur, infinitely many times,' said Leonard Susskind of Stanford, a co-author of a paper in 2002 that helped set off the debate. Or as Andrei Linde, another Stanford theorist given to colorful language, loosely characterized the possibility of a replica of your own brain forming out in space sometime, 'How do you compute the probability to be reincarnated to the probability of being born?'”

Um, yeah. The graphic sorta helps explain what may be going on: Minute fluctuations in the universe's general move towards entropy create random pockets of order, some of which could hypothetically organize as floating brains, or pocket universes or whales and flowerpots too, I suppose. Or something like that...Now my brain hurts.

"We have to realize that we are already living in a society where we are already self-medicating with caffeine." This one's been languishing in the bookmarks for awhile, but via Drudge and blog-twin FmH, scientists may have discovered a cure for sleep deprivation in Orexin A. "The study, published in the Dec. 26 edition of The Journal of Neuroscience, found orexin A not only restored monkeys' cognitive abilities but made their brains look 'awake' in PET scans. Siegel said that orexin A is unique in that it only had an impact on sleepy monkeys, not alert ones, and that it is 'specific in reversing the effects of sleepiness' without other impacts on the brain." But is it cheaper than my daily Red Bull?

"'This raises a range of big questions about what nature is and what it could be...Evolutionary processes are no longer seen as sacred or inviolable. People in labs are figuring them out so they can improve upon them for different purposes.'" A front-page story in today's WP announces we're on the threshold of completely synthetic life -- as in 2008 -- made from enhanced or even artificial DNA. "Some experts are worried that a few maverick companies are already gaining monopoly control over the core 'operating system' for artificial life and are poised to become the Microsofts of synthetic biology...In the past year, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has been flooded with aggressive synthetic-biology claims."

"...as if millions of voices suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced." Scientists at NASA catch a glimpse of cosmic devastation on a galactic scale, as a "death star galaxy," fueled by a black hole, destroys its neighbor with a beam of radiation. "The telescope images show the bully galaxy shooting a stream of deadly radiation particles into the lower section of the other galaxy, which is about one-tenth its size...Tens of millions of stars, including those with orbiting planets, are likely in the path of the deadly jet...If Earth were in the way -- and it's not -- the high-energy particles and radiation of the jet would in a matter of months strip away the planet's protective ozone layer and compress the protective magnetosphere." And what does that mean? "'You would basically render extinct all surface forms of life,' Tyson said. 'But it may be that subterranean life is...immune to this kind of violence in the universe.'" You heard the man...start digging.

"Human beings evolved in gravity, and it makes perfect sense that some systems -- especially the immune and skeletal systems -- might not do well without it." A new NASA study finds microbes and viruses may be particularly lethal on long space flights. "Even though astronauts are not now getting sick on their missions, we see very clearly statistically significant and reproducible change in immune functioning after two weeks in space."

"'Nature is the final arbiter of truth," said Seager, the Lawrence Livermore computer scientist, but 'rather than doing experiments, a lot of times now we're actually simulating those experiments and getting the data that way. We can now do as much scientific discovery with computational science as we could do before with observational science or theoretical science.'" Developers tease the premiere of the first "petascale" computer, due out next year. It will be "capable of 1,000 trillion calculations per second [and] akin to that of more than 100,000 desktop computers combined." Well I, for one, welcome our new petascale overlords.

By way of Dangerous Meta, a cardiologist argues in a new, soon-to-be-published e-book that Abraham Lincoln might be the earliest known case of a rare genetic disorder. "Sotos believes Lincoln had a genetic syndrome called MEN 2B. He thinks the diagnosis not only accounts for Lincoln's great height, which has been the subject of most medical speculation over the years, but also for many of the president's other reported ailments and behaviors."

Have we inadvertently killed Schrödinger's cat? No, it's much, much worse. Cosmologists at Case Western Reserve and Vanderbilt speculate that mankind may have hastened the end of the universe by observing dark energy in 1998. "[Q]uantum theory says that whenever we observe or measure something, we could stop it decaying due what is what is called the 'quantum Zeno effect,' which suggests that if an 'observer' makes repeated, quick observations of a microscopic object undergoing change, the object can stop changing - just as a watched kettle never boils...Prof Krauss says that the measurement of the light from supernovae in 1998, which provided evidence of dark energy, may have reset the decay of the void to zero -- back to a point when the likelihood of its surviving was falling rapidly. 'In short, we may have snatched away the possibility of long-term survival for our universe and made it more likely it will decay,' says Prof Krauss." D'oh! But wouldn't this presume that at no other place or time in our unfathomably gigantic universe did any other civilization make the same observations? Given the odds of intelligent life out there, that seems unlikely. (And, if you think this all sounds goofy and ridiculous, just wait until we get to the multiverse...)

"Fact:...The density of Saturn is so low that if you were to put it in a giant glass of water it would float." And another pilfered link, which I meant to post last week: Megg of Quiddity points the way to 10 Cool Facts about Space (although, to paraphrase The Smiths, some facts are cooler than others.)

"In The Atlantic's very first issue, in 1857, the magazine's founders -- an illustrious group that included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell -- declared that they would dedicate their new publication to monitoring the development, and advancing the cause, of what they called 'the American idea.' And for the last century and a half, the magazine has been preoccupied with the fundamental subjects of the American experience: war and peace, science and religion, the conundrum of race, the role of women, the plight of the cities, the struggle to preserve the environment, the strengths and failings of our politics, and especially, America's proper place in the world." To commemorate the magazine's 150th anniversary, The Atlantic Monthly publishes The American Idea, an anthology of articles which includes republished writings by TR, W.E.B. DuBois, Albert Einstein, John Muir, Helen Keller, and Vannevar Bush. (Alas, only ten of the included articles are online.)

Ok, this one's a bit creepy. By way of Webgoddess, watch the rotating dancer to ascertain whether you're left-brained or right-brained. I'm pretty right-brained, it seems (which makes sense, since I'm both left-handed and left-footed). But, if I changed tasks while the dancer was on -- say went to click another window or focused on the list at left, she'd sometimes switch direction. Weird...well, I just hope my right-brain knows what my left-brain is doing.

"Kinsey's pioneering work is still one-of-a-kind because in all the time since, only a handful of sex researchers have even tried to match his breadth, depth, and scale. For all our obsession with sex, we're skittish about studying it. There's one major exception: a large survey, conducted in the 1990s, that far outdid Kinsey in terms of statistical reliability. It's the most authoritative sexual self-portrait the country has. But you've probably never heard of its author, because unlike Kinsey, he has worked hard to keep it that way. Alfred Kinsey may have gotten the biopic, but according to Slate's Amanda Schaffer, it's the University of Chicago's Edward Laumann we should now be turning to for reliable data on carnal matters. "Kinsey's data aren't the last word on matters sexual, but they're sometimes still the first."

"If the current proposals to restart human exploration fail politically, indeed, the human space flight endeavor conducted under government auspices might well lose its momentum. I obviously hope that doesn’t happen. But it’s far from a slam dunk that we’re going back to the Moon and on to Mars." Two companion pieces to today's reflection on 50 years of Sputnik which I missed earlier: The Grey Lady hypothesizes about the next fifty years of space travel (suggesting its future as a public enterprise might be dubious) and takes a moment to consider the pop culture ramifications of the space age. "'At the level of government, I think we’re still struggling as to why we’re sending people to space,' Dr. Logsdon said. 'It’s a decent question, and I think it’s an unanswered question.'" (My answer to this question, for what it's worth, is here.)

"It was the sound of wonder and foreboding. Nothing would ever be quite the same again -- in geopolitics, in science and technology, in everyday life and the capacity of the human species." On the eve of its fiftieth anniversary (Oct. 4), the NYT remembers the Sputnik launch. "It was an unprepossessing agent of alarm. A simple sphere weighing just 184 pounds and not quite two feet wide, it had a highly polished surface of aluminum, the better to reflect sunlight and be visible from Earth...The Russians clearly intended Sputnik as a ringing statement of their technological prowess and its military implications. But even they, it seems, had not foreseen the frenzied response their success provoked."

Is political conflict bred in the bone (or, put less charitably, do some among us just have an easier time with higher-order thinking)? A new joint NYU-UCLA neurobiological study finds once again that left- and right-leaning brains function differently, with liberal minds more receptive to change than their conservative counterparts. "Dozens of previous studies have established a strong link between political persuasion and certain personality traits. Conservatives tend to crave order and structure in their lives, and are more consistent in the way they make decisions. Liberals, by contrast, show a higher tolerance for ambiguity and complexity, and adapt more easily to unexpected circumstances...[In this case] respondents who had described themselves as liberals showed 'significantly greater conflict-related neural activity' when the hypothetical situation called for an unscheduled break in routine. Conservatives, however, were less flexible, refusing to deviate from old habits 'despite signals that this...should be changed.'"

"'We're thrilled to have identified clear signs of water on a planet that is trillions of miles away,' said study leader Giovanna Tinetti of the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris in France." Scientists discover clear signs of existing water well outside the solar system at HD 189733b, a Jupiter-ish gas giant in the Vulpecula constellation, 64 light years away. "The researchers found that the planet absorbed starlight in such a way that could only be explained by the presence of water vapor in its atmosphere."

NASA prepares a probe, named Phoenix, to dig for water on Mars. "Upon reaching Mars in May 2008, the spacecraft is to land just as the winter ice begins to recede around the polar cap."

"I have long wanted to go into space, and the zero-gravity flight is the first step toward space travel." Physicist Stephen Hawking experiences zero gravity aboard the Vomit Comet. "Hawking said he hoped his flight would provide a boost for commercial spaceflight, in line with his oft-expressed belief that humanity's future depended on moving beyond Earth...'I think that getting a portion of the human race permanently off the planet is imperative for our future as a species. It will be difficult to do this with the slow, expensive and risk-averse nature of government space programs,' Hawking said, working in a veiled reference to NASA. 'We need to engage the entrepreneurial engine that has reduced the cost of everything from airline tickets to personal computers.'" I'm in full agreement...far be it from me to differ with a man as intelligent, knowledgeable, and solid on the mic as Mr. Hawking.

"Because of its temperature and relative proximity, this planet will most probably be a very important target of the future space missions dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial life. On the treasure map of the Universe, one would be tempted to mark this planet with an X." The big news today, of course: Astronomers announce the discovery of an earth-like planet, Gliese 581c, at the galactically tiny distance of 120 trillion miles (20.5 light years) away. (For the stargazers, Gliese 581 is a red dwarf "located in the northeastern part of constellation Libra.") Of course, we still don't know if we even have to go that far to find extraterrestrial life -- Europa, Mars, Ganymede, and Callisto all still pose unresolved questions. Nevertheless, it's an exciting moment in our history to discover the first planet far afield that might possibly be inhabited (and inhabitable)...and even more exciting to know that there'll assuredly be many more to come. The stars, our destination!

A faraway Jupiter-like gas planet, HD 209458b, is found (by some) to have water in its atmosphere. I saw this on Blivet on Friday and spent the weekend dreaming about it: If my sleeping brain can be trusted, HD 209458b has winged, eel-like space reptiles cavorting amidst the gaseous clouds there. Alas, my subconscious makes for a lousy exobiologist: "[A] Jupiter-like gaseous planet such as this one, as opposed to a rocky one like Earth, is highly unlikely to harbour any kind of life." Well, damn.

Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind! Each pray'r accepted, and each wish resign'd. Life imitates art as researchers hone in on drugs that will potentially erase traumatic memories. "'This is all very preliminary,' said Dr. Roger Pitman, a Harvard Medical School psychiatrist. 'We're just getting started. There is some promising preliminary data but no conclusions.'"

"To not utilize that station the way I think it ought to be utilized is just wrong." Forty-five years to the day after his historic orbit, space pioneer and former US Senator John Glenn makes a case for the International Space Station.

"A drop of Budweiser (the 'King of Beers') immersed in mineral oil will form a beautiful 4 sided pyramid with sharp edges. Tiny bubbles accumulate at the top of the drop acting like a buoy that pulls on the droplet to create the growing pyramidal shape. The bubble cluster eventually spouts off in unison to the surface." Robotics engineer and old college friend Danny Sanchez has recently created VideoPhysics.com, a site containing mpgs of various scientific properties at work, all demonstrated with the safe confines of the Sanchez Laboratories. Check it out.

Love is a stranger in an open car...or is it just a much-needed dopamine fix? Somebody writes this story every Valentine's Day. Still, I guess it's something to keep in mind. (And sorry, Berk, you may be my Valentine again this year, but the same type of deconstruction applies to you. No hard feelings, bud.)

The source of that Hawaii link above deserves its own posting: DISCOVER magazine presents the Top 100 science stories of 2006.

New photos released by NASA from the Mars Global Surveyor seem to suggest the possibility of surface water on Mars, which would make any attempt to visit -- or colonize -- the red planet considerably easier (although, obviously, it's still no walk in the park.)

Using the thankfully soon-to-be-refurbished Hubble, astronomers find more evidence of "dark energy" in the early universe working along the lines of Einstein's famous fudge factor, the cosmological constant, to combat a gravitational crunch. "'Dark energy makes us nervous,' said Sean Carroll, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology who was not involved in the supernova study. 'It fits the data, but it's not what we really expected.'"

By way of my sister Tessa, a robotic gastronome determines human flesh tastes exactly like bacon (or possibly prosciutto.) Sigh...I was afraid of this. Once the machines acquire the taste, we're all in deep, deep trouble. Or have they already figured it out, and cubicle culture is really just an attempt by the mechs to fatten us up for harvest? Hmmm...is it too late to install a vegetarian subroutine?

As threatened in the past, Dubya has apparently signed a new National Space Policy that heavily emphasizes the weaponization of space. "Theresa Hitchens, director of the nonpartisan Center for Defense Information in Washington, said that the new policy 'kicks the door a little more open to a space-war fighting strategy' and has a 'very unilateral tone to it.'"

If you believe they put "a" man on the moon, then there's nothing up my sleeve, and nothing is cool. Also, you'll have no problem with the recent update to Neil Armstrong's famous first words there. Score one for the lunar grammarians.

Sorry, Virginia (and all the other kids out there who just memorized the solar system): As the dust dies down at the recent astronomer's conference, word comes to light that Pluto has in fact been demoted to "dwarf planet," a status it'll hold with UB313 (Xena) and Ceres.

At a meeting of 2,500 astronomers in Prague to determine the appropriate definition of "planet" (in part due to the Xena challenge), it appears Pluto might soon be reclassified as a "dwarf planet" (as opposed to a "terrestrial planet" (Earth, Mars) or a "gas giant planet." (Jupiter, Saturn)) rather than fully being demoted to non-planet status. Said one proponent of the plan: "I think we have done something that will make the Plutocrats and the children of the United States happy."

"'We certainly have not convinced the community, and that's been a little bit disappointing,' said David McKay, a NASA biochemist and leader of the team that started the scientific episode." Ten years later, CNN summarizes the simmering scientific dispute over a Martian meteorite, and the possible (albeit now seemingly quite unlikely) signs of life within.

As y'all probably know by now, Dubya -- so eager to exploit and enlargen executive power in other arenas -- vetoed his first bill in five years yesterday, when he decided to capitulate to the sad remnants of his base, set back medical science a few more years, and nip stem cell research in the bud once again. While Dubya said the bill would have forced "American taxpayers...for the first time in our history...to fund the deliberate destruction of human embryos," he made no argument for criminalizing fertility clinics, where similar embryos get tossed away unused every day. "'If that's murder, how come the president allows that to continue?' asked Sen. Tom Harkin (D-Iowa). 'Where is his outrage?' Harkin called the veto 'a shameful display of cruelty, hypocrisy and ignorance.'"

"'This is the cleanest orbiter than anyone ever remembers seeing," Griffin said in a post-landing news conference. He added that with Discovery's successful completion of all its on-orbit tasks, it had finished 'as good a mission as we have ever flown.'" Congrats to the crew of Discovery on a safe and successful landing.

"Blue Origin proposes to launch its reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) on suborbital, ballistic trajectories to altitudes in excess of 325,000 feet (99,060 meters) from a privately-owned space launch site in Culberson County, Texas." Some details emerge about the New Shepard Reusable Launch System, currently being developed by Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin, where -- full disclosure -- one of my best and smartest friends from college is currently employed. "Also on the group's to do list at the site is putting in place a vehicle processing facility, a launch complex and vehicle landing and recovery area, as well as an astronaut training facility, and other minor support amenities."

Authors of postapocalyptic sci-fi yarns, take note: Norway has announced it will host a post-Doomsday seed bank on the Svalbard archipelago. "While the facility will be fenced in and guarded, Svalbard's free-roaming polar bears, known for their ferocity, could also act as natural guardians, according to the Global Diversity Trust."

Also in news-of-the-future, China sets a lunar launch date of 2024.

"'It is important for the human race to spread out into space for the survival of the species,' Hawking said. 'Life on Earth is at the ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster, such as sudden global warming, nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus or other dangers we have not yet thought of.'" Stephen Hawking makes the case for colonies in space. And Stephen Hawking is a very smart man (and, of course, not a bad MC.)

"This is certainly not the first time that politics has trumped science at the FDA. Another recent example: the agency's decision to block over-the-counter availability for emergency contraceptives in the face of overwhelming evidence that the treatment is safe and effective...From my standpoint as a doctor, the question is this: What do you do when federal agencies become so politicized that their recommendations can't necessarily be trusted?" In Slate, pediatrician Sydney Spiesel begins to doubt the FDA's credibility these days, particularly after their recent and apparently blatantly political decision against medicinal marijuana. "Marijuana as a medicine -- whatever its risk and benefits are eventually determined to be -- may turn out to be much less important than the question of whether we can count on agencies like the FDA to be honest in their dealings."

"'What Democrats want to do is gin up their turnout in the suburbs and divide Republicans, and right now they may do that' said Jennifer E. Duffy, who tracks Senate races for the nonpartisan Cook Political Report. 'This is the first real wedge issue Democrats have had with Republicans.'" According to the NYT, congressional Dems think they may have a winner in November with the stem cell issue. And, also in election news, polls suggest the once-highly vulnerable Abramoff flunky Sen. Conrad Burns (R-MT) may be shedding the taint of Casino Jack, while potentially beatable Sen. Mike DeWine (R-OH) looks to do the same with Donald Rumsfeld.

The WP takes a gander at the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), which "can see 13 billion years back in time, nearly to the big bang. With its 10-by-11-foot hexagonal mirror -- the largest of its type in the world -- SALT concentrates the faintest, most distant light in the universe. If a candle were to flicker on the moon, SALT could detect it."

"'In 1906, San Francisco was the largest city west of the Rockies. We had 400,000 people in the city,' Eisner said. 'Today we have 7 million in the Bay Area. And the consequences of a disaster of this magnitude in an urban area are significant.'" On the eve of tomorrow's centennial of the great San Francisco earthquake, a new study suggests another Big One would mean a Katrina-level disaster for the Bay Area. "Seismologists generally agree that a repeat of a 1906-size earthquake is inevitable, though when and where along the fault are unknown. In 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey reported a 62 percent chance of a magnitude-6.7 earthquake or greater hitting the Bay Area within 30 years." And, in a related story, historians look for lessons for post-Katrina New Orleans amid the rubble of 1906.

The WP files another dispatch regarding Dubya's war on science: "Employees and contractors working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, along with a U.S. Geological Survey scientist working at an NOAA lab, said in interviews that over the past year administration officials have chastised them for speaking on policy questions; removed references to global warming from their reports, news releases and conference Web sites; investigated news leaks; and sometimes urged them to stop speaking to the media altogether. Their accounts indicate that the ideological battle over climate-change research, which first came to light at NASA, is being fought in other federal science agencies as well."

After discovering a disk of gas, dust, and rubble orbiting a pulsar, astronomers believe they've figured out how planets are made. "It shows that planet formation is really ubiquitous in the universe. It's a very robust process and can happen in all sorts of unexpected environments."

"Remember the whiny, insecure kid in nursery school, the one who always thought everyone was out to get him, and was always running to the teacher with complaints? Chances are he grew up to be a conservative." A several-decade-long study by UC Berkeley professor Jack Block finds a controversial correlation between confidence in childhood and later political leanings. "He reasons that insecure kids look for the reassurance provided by tradition and authority, and find it in conservative politics. The more confident kids are eager to explore alternatives to the way things are, and find liberal politics more congenial." (Via Follow Me Here.)

"'The idea is to look at Mars and not think of it as a mysterious alien place,' Christensen said." Along the lines of Google Moon, one can now journey to Google Mars.

"I think that this mission will re-write the science books on Mars." More happy space news following the discovery of water on Enceladus: NASA successfully pilots the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter into Martian orbit. "It was picture perfect. We could not have planned it any better." (Phew...looks like everyone successfully converted to metric this time.)

"All these worlds are yours, except Europa...oh, and Enceladus." In very big news, NASA announces that Cassini has found water plumes on Enceladus, Saturn's moon. "This finding has substantially broadened the range of environments in the solar system that might support living organisms, and it doesn't get any more significant than that...I'd say we've just hit the ball right out of the park." What's more, "unlike Europa, which researchers believe harbors a vast ocean beneath kilometers of thick ice, Enceladus' water may be just below the surface."

A new theory by Glasgow paleontologist Neil Clark suggests the Loch Ness Monster was more circus elephant than pink elephant. "'It is quite possible that people not used to seeing a swimming elephant -- the vast bulk of the animal is submerged, with only a thick trunk and a couple of humps visible,' thought they saw a monster, Clark said in an interview Tuesday." Adding fuel to the fire is the 20,000 pound reward for Nessie's capture put forward by circus impresario Bertram Mills, who may well have rested his traveling circus animals along the banks of Loch Ness, in 1933.

"'People are born to dance,' Ebstein told Discovery News. 'They have (other) genes that partially contribute to musical talent, such as coordination, sense of rhythm. However, the genes we studied are more related to the emotional side of dancing -- the need and ability to communicate with other people and a spiritual side to their natures that not only enable them to feel the music, but to communicate that feeling to others via dance." Looks like the Red Shoes are just a placebo -- According to recent research at Hebrew University's Scheinfeld Center for Genetic Studies, some people are just hardwired to dance. Now if only they could figure out why some people start conga lines or insist on breaking into the Electric Slide. (Via Dangerous Meta.)

The LA Times examines the beginnings of the second lunar space race, which will involve, among others, the US, Europe, China, and India. "Some researchers even have a name for the first lunar city: Jamestown, in honor of the first English settlement in the New World."

Using the relatively new technique of gravitational microlensing, astronomers discover their "most Earth-like planet yet", orbiting a star in Sagittarius 20,000 light-years away. While this planet -- currently named OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb -- is likely too cold for habitation, "'we may predict with reasonable probability that microlensing will discover planets with masses like that of Earth at a similar distance from their stars and with comparable surface temperature,' said study co-author Bohdan Paczynski from Princeton University."

I've been extremely derelict in my space coverage around here lately. So, as a quick catch-up: Welcome back, Stardust, and Godspeed, New Horizons.

"If you would not be forgotten, as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things worth reading, or do things worth the writing." Scientist, inventor, philanthropist, statesman, diplomat, epigrammist, satirist, exemplar, and a bon vivant and ladies' man to boot...If George Washington is the Father of our Country, then he's definitely our Favorite Uncle: Ben Franklin turns 300. Happy birthday!

"'As you go back in time, the universe is pushing [outward] less and less,' he said. 'At some point, the pressure of dark energy is zero and is exerting no force on the universe. There is no explanation for it.'" New cosmological research announced yesterday further muddles our understanding of the expansion of the early universe and (once again) casts doubt on Einstein's recently resurrected cosmological constant. "Schaefer based his findings on analysis of ultra-bright cosmic explosions called gamma-ray bursts, detected as far as 12.8 billion light-years away. He found that the most distant explosions appeared brighter than they should have been if the universe were accelerating at a constant rate."

"To become a multiplanet species, we must master the skills of extracting local resources, build our capability to journey and explore in hostile regions, and create new reservoirs of human culture and experience. That long journey begins on the moon -- the staging ground, supply station and classroom for our voyage into the universe." Astrophysicist Paul Sputig eloquently makes the case for a return to manned lunar exploration.

A month after the school board was swept of intelligent designers (to Pat Robertson's chagrin), a judge in Dover, PA dismisses ID as a classroom alternative to evolution. Good to see both science and common sense win one for a change.

"He's an old -- someone described him and I think it's a quite cool way of looking at him -- he's an old, psychotic hobo. He really is. He's not used to -- although it's in gorillas' innate desire to connect with other beings -- he's just not used to it. The only contact he has are with creatures that are trying to attack him or threaten." Dark Horizons runs a fascinating -- and spoilerish -- interview with Andy Serkis on King Kong, motion-capture, and acting tips from Rwandan primates.

"I'd like to say to the good citizens of Dover: if there is a disaster in your area, don't turn to God, you just rejected Him from your city." In a righteous froth over the recent turnover of intelligent designers in Dover, PA, Pat Robertson plays to type and calls out the Big Gun against Pennsylvania's evolutionaries.

"Suppose the asteroid is traveling 60,000 miles per hour. You want to make it 60,001." Concerned by the possible 2036 impact of 99942 Apophis, two clever NASA astronauts have developed a tractor beam of sorts to pull asteroids off a possible collision course. Namely, send a relatively small (20-ton) ion-powered spacecraft to intercept and hover near the offending asteroid, and then let gravity work its mojo. "Even as the spacecraft counters the asteroid's gravity, he said, its own gravity will pull the asteroid out of orbit."

"Who knew? We all knew: the trainers who looked the other way as they were treating a whole new class of injuries; the players who saw teammates inject themselves but kept the clubhouse code of silence; the journalists who 'buried the lead' and told jokes among themselves about the newly muscled; the GMs who wittingly acquired players on steroids; and, yes, owners and players, who openly applauded the home run boom and moved at glacial speed to address the problem that fueled the explosion." ESPN Magazine surveys the ascent of baseball's Steroid Era.

In a mixed day for the Pastafari, the Kansas School Board opens the door to intelligent design, just as the voters of Dover, PA remove all eight school board members who were pushing the issue in the Keystone State. (Nevertheless, the Pennsylvania court challenge to intelligent design will continue.)

Also in a Halloween-ish vein, rocketeer and robot designer Will McCarthy speculates on how to re-animate the dead. The answer? "Zombochrondria." (Via Follow Me Here.)

"What's going on? Google has become the new ground zero for the 'other' culture war. Not the one between Ralph Reed and Timothy Leary, but the war between Silicon Valley and Hollywood; California's cultural civil war. At stake are two different visions of what might best promote authorship in this country. One side trumpets the culture of authorial exposure, the other urges the culture of authorial control." University of Virginia Law professor Tim Wu surveys the controversy over Google Print, and makes a cautious plea for writers and academics to get behind the project.

Personal plug: Bill Press' How the Republicans Stole Christmas, which I worked on earlier this year, was released today. As I noted last April, its basic thesis is "The Religious Right are neither religious nor right" (discuss amongst yourselves), and it aims to put the lie to the fundies' constant invocations of Jesus to justify their greed, intolerance, and hypocrisy. (And, along with being a long-time Dem campaign manager and pundit, Press also spent a decade in the seminary, so he knows of what he speaks.) Now, as they say, in bookstores everywhere.

"'It is now commonly accepted that was not the right path,' Griffin said. 'We are now trying to change the path while doing as little damage as we can.'" In an interview with USA Today, NASA head Michael Griffin calls the Space Shuttle and ISS programs mistakes. Hmmm, interesting. This article reminded me of a quote I've seen attributed to Jerry Pournelle: "I always knew I'd live to see the first man walk on the Moon. I never dreamed I'd see the last."

And, would you believe it? Boss DeLay wasn't the only nefarious and nightmarish tentacled creature to be captured in the past twenty-four hours. For the first time ever, Japanese scientists have succeeded in photographing a giant squid in its natural habitat. (I read about this late last night and had some very disturbing dreams about it. After all, there are older and fouler things than Orcs in the deep places of the world.) [Last link inspired by MysVamp.]

Via a friend in the program, the VR Milky Way Panorama. Definitely worth a spin.

"'What makes evolution a scientific explanation is that it makes testable predictions,' Lander said. 'You only believe theories when they make non-obvious predictions that are confirmed by scientific evidence...Evolution is a way of understanding the world that continues to hold up day after day to scientific tests.''" As a Pennsylvania court weighs anew the constitutionality of adding creationism to biology curricula, scientists (again) try to explain how evolution differs from claptrap like intelligent design -- namely, that evolution produces hypotheses that are empirically verifiable (particularly in these heady days of genetic manipulation.) Well, yes...but what of the Pastafari? Why are we so eager to keep schoolchildren in the dark about the benedictory influence of His noodly appendage?

"'We must deal with our short-term problems while not sacrificing our long-term investments,' Griffin said. 'The space program is a long-term investment in our future.'" While nodding to the funding issues created by Katrina, NASA unveils its ambitious plans to return to the moon by 2018. The plan, involving a lunar-lander like CEV that can carry 4 to 6 astronauts, basically seems to be a hybrid of the Space Shuttle and "Apollo on Steroids," and has been designed with future missions to Mars in mind. In general, I've been impressed with NASA head Michael Griffin despite Dubya's faulty emphasis on space-weapons (and I generally agree with his take on NASA funding), so if he thinks this rocket-hybrid is the way to go to get to the moon and beyond, I'm all for it.

"[B]elievers in science are now wondering how the rejection of Darwinian evolution, once presumed to be discredited, keeps returning to claim a place in high-school biology classrooms and in popular thinking. The answer is that we're in thrall to the powerful legend of the Scopes trial. For anti-Darwinist beliefs aren't returning; they've just never gone away." Slate's David Greenberg invokes the misunderstood legacy of the Scopes trial to explain the persistence of creationist thought among Americans today.

"In 2001, FEMA warned that a hurricane striking New Orleans was one of the three most likely disasters in the U.S. But the Bush administration cut New Orleans flood control funding by 44 percent to pay for the Iraq war." Citing domestic budget cuts and Dubya's disastrous wetlands policies, among other things, Sidney Blumenthal makes a compelling case that the tremendous devastation wrought by Katrina "may not entirely be the result of an act of nature."

Space Adventures, the firm behind Dennis Tito's 2001 trip to the ISS, is looking for two takers for a $100 million moonshot. Well, that's a pretty penny and no mistake. But if they're forced to switch to a lottery system to procure the necessary funds, I'd buy a ticket or three.

As seen in the NYT Science Times, a volunteer at the Smithsonian discovers a forgotten cache of photos from the Scopes trial, which took place eighty years ago this month.

Some intriguing new finds right here in our neighborhood: The ESA posts some very nice images of a frozen Martian lake, and astronomers have found a large object (and its moon) orbiting our sun outside Pluto.

Bucking the Dubya trend, Bill Frist comes out for expanded federal stem cell research. Evidently, Catkiller's 2008 gurus decided he should hype his M.D. and/or tack moderate -- which is probably a mistake...the GOP moderates will likely stick with McCain, while the fundies may now look to Sam Brownback or some other winger freakshow as their primary hopeful. But, hey, the right thing is the right thing, even if it's for the wrong reasons.

"You have to admit when you're wrong. We were wrong." NASA grounds the shuttle fleet until the now-recurring foam debris problem, which thankfully seemed to spare the Discovery orbiter this time, is satisfactorily resolved. Ugh, that's depressing...but probably for the best.

"We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark." Have your perambulators and origami cranes at the ready...I missed this ten days ago amid the Half-Blood hullabaloo and drive south, but it's very well-done: 20/20 Hindsight takes a trip in the Wayback Machine to blog the 60th anniversary of the Trinity Test in real-time.

"'There's very little in life that is 100 percent guaranteed,' said N. Wayne Hale Jr., the deputy manager of the shuttle program, at a news briefing Sunday evening. 'And there's probably less in rocket science.' With Discovery poised to fly tomorrow despite a nagging sensor problem, the NYT examines the durability of the aging shuttle fleet. Update: Back in the blue! Godspeed, STS-114.

Via a friend in the program, Google maps the moon to commemorate the 36th anniversary of Apollo 11.

"'There are no black ovals running around out there and yet they all had the same word for black oval,' Slobodchikoff said." Two worthy links on language by way of elsewhere: Do You Feel Loved points the way to this fascinating story on the language of prairie dogs -- Apparently, the little critters have words for all kinds of things, and, even more strangely, they all independently come up with the same word when confronted with a new object. And, secondly, The Naked Tree has unearthed this 19th century language primer, which may perchance be exceeding convenient should you need to exercise your demency upon ragamuffins, buckskins, pettifoggers, or even the occasional hooplehead.

In a day of fireworks the nation over, the most intriguing flash-bang occurred 83 million miles away, with the successful crashing of NASA's Deep Impact into Tempel 1. (Space.com has gathered together the best pics from the big show.)

Better late than never...

"Concealed within his fortress, the Lord of Mordor sees all. His gaze pierces cloud, shadow, earth and flesh. You know of what I speak, Gandalf -- a Great Eye, lidless, wreathed in flame." (Via Supercres.)

(And, while I'm quoting our fallen friend, Saruman of Many Colors: "The hour is later than you think. Sauron's forces are already moving. The Nine have left Minas Morgul...they crossed the river Potomac on Midsummer's Eve, disguised as judges in black.")

According to this article, scientists recently brought several dogs back from the dead. And, yet, they were somehow changed...

"Current U.S. space policy presents a paradoxical picture of high ambition and diminishing commitment...Pursuit of the NASA Plan, as formulated, is likely to result in substantial harm to the U.S. space program." A new report by experts at the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy finds the Dubya space program is a mess. The two writers (both active during the Clinton years) do praise new NASA head Michael Griffin, who may be the only Bush appointee out there that I have positive feelings for. But, in keeping with the general unilateralism of Dubya's tenure, the scientists bemoan the demise of international cooperation in recent years, with our move to weaponize space a particular stumbling block.

All systems are go today for the launch of Cosmos 1, a satellite designed to test the possibility of interstellar travel via solar sail. "Because it carries no fuel and keeps accelerating over almost unlimited distances, it is the only technology now in existence that can one day take us to the stars." (Well, it worked for Chris Lee.) Update: Uh oh...

It's an ugly day for voter rationality in today's New York Times. According to a new study by several political scientists, our political predispositions may be genetic (and last summer's Zellout may have been the result of a lingering discordance between genetic and environmental factors in Miller's make-up.) Whatsmore, we seem to choose our elected leaders immediately by their physical attributes, namely a general look of competence: "Both babies and baby-faced adults share certain characteristics: round faces, large eyes, small noses, high foreheads, and small chins. No one trusts the competence of a baby, and few, apparently, trust that of an adult who looks like one." (Don't lose heart, fellow advocates of an informed and capable electorate -- There's obviously a huge gaping hole in this latter theory.)

"'Things aren't getting better; they're getting worse. The White House is completely disconnected from reality,' said Hagel, a member of the Foreign Relations Committee. 'It's like they're just making it up as they go along. The reality is that we're losing in Iraq.'" Two quality links via the consistently splendid Follow Me Here: First, Republican Senators McCain and Hagel call out Dubya on the war. Between this and "Freedom Fries" Jones, are the floodgates opening in GOP-land?

And, on an altogether different note, physicists cast doubt on the possibility of time travel paradoxes "When Greenberger and Svozil analysed what happens when...component waves flow into the past, they found that the paradoxes implied by Einstein's equations never arise. Waves that travel back in time interfere destructively, thus preventing anything from happening differently from that which has already taken place." (Well, looks like time-traveling historians won't need to worry about any Primeresque recursions, then.)

Some love is just a lie of the heart. But most of the time, it just means your oxytocin levels are out of whack...

On the Sunday shows, Republican Senators Arlen Specter and Sam Brownback go toe-to-toe on stem cells. "Brownback questioned 'what it does to the culture of life' when government approves performing research on the embryos, which he considers 'young human life.' Specter shot back, asking what it does 'to the culture of life when you let people die because there are medical research tools which could keep them alive?'" For what it's worth, Specter believes the Senate has the votes to override a Bush veto, even as Boss DeLay erroneously invokes various world religions to keep the House in line.

"Watching the original 'Star Wars' movie as a mathematically inclined 11-year-old, Helen Greiner dreamed of someday creating a robot like the heroic R2-D2. After enduring plenty of lean years chasing that elusive vision as a co-founder of iRobot Corp., Greiner can now boast a product that whirs and chirps much like the character she to this day calls her 'personal hero.'" The Globe profiles iRobot co-founder Helen Greiner, whose company boasts Roomba, Scooba, and the Packbot, a military minesweeper that, if Greiner has her druthers, won't be breaking Asimov's First Law anytime soon.

Twenty-eight years into its tour of the universe, Voyager I reaches the edge of the solar system. "[P]roject scientists, working from models of a phenomenon never before directly observed, finally agreed that data from Voyager 1's tiny 80-kilobyte computer memory showed that the spacecraft had passed through termination shock to the 'heliosheath,' a frontier of unknown thickness that defines the border with interstellar space."

With the nuclear detente and Priscilla Owen now on her way to a judgeship, congressional attention turns to stem cell research. With the right-wing fundies already on the warpath over the loss of GOP nukes, how will they respond in the unlikely event of Dubya's threatened veto getting overridden?

Oh, a sarcasm detector. That's a really useful invention.

In the face of growing bipartisan support (and withering hopes for Social Security privatization) in Congress, Dubya declares he will veto a bill easing stem cell restrictions. In five years, Dubya has never used the veto before...but of course he's always ready to answer the bell when the right-wing fundies come-a-knockin'.

"If the andro that helped McGwire hit 70 home runs in 1998 was an unnatural, game-altering enhancement, what about his high-powered contact lenses? 'Natural' vision is 20/20. McGwire's custom-designed lenses improved his vision to 20/10, which means he could see at a distance of 20 feet what a person with normal, healthy vision could see at 10 feet. Think what a difference that makes in hitting a fastball. Imagine how many games those lenses altered." Drop the juice for a sec -- Slate's Will Saletan wonders aloud if optical enhancements also constitute cheating in baseball, football, and golf.

Finally, a Dubya nominee I can get behind. At his confirmation hearing, Michael Griffin -- the administration's pick for head of NASA -- suggests the Hubble may still be worth saving. "Griffin, a physicist-engineer who holds six advanced degrees, is known as a devotee of human space travel and a firm advocate of Bush's 'Vision for Space Exploration' aimed at the moon and Mars...He bluntly expressed his intention to lead a resurgence in American 'spacefaring,' noting that Russia and China had both put humans into space since the space shuttle last flew."

"Although no one has investigated the possibility of rat humor, if it exists, it is likely to be heavily laced with slapstick." A recent study in Science Magazine explores evolutionary reasons for and examples of animal laughter, including chirping rats and panting dogs. Laugh it up, fuzzball.

"I'd give it a 50-50 shot that you could find it somewhere underground. But then that's a guess." The NYT surveys the current thinking about prospects of Martian life, and how astrobiologists plan to go about proving or disproving its existence. (To wit, the European Space Agency plans to send an tricked-up rover to the red planet after 2011...hopefully, it'll get past the Dubya Pentagon's rash of Moonraker weapons.) Update: In somewhat related news (to the second story), Slate's Fred Kaplan assesses the Pentagon's overly enthusiastic vision for ground-based future tech.

Only a decade after the discovery of the first extra-solar planet, two separate teams of scientists manage to "see" exoplanets directly for the first time. "Dr. Geoffrey Marcy, a planet hunter at the University of California in Berkeley, called the results 'the stuff of history books.'"

Despite feeling kinda rotten, I did venture out to the movies on Saturday night (armed with a hefty bag of throat lozenges) for an impromptu double feature. At the top of the bill was James Cameron's IMAX extravaganza Aliens of the Deep and, all I can say is, if Cameron wants to make Battle Angel Alita using this funky 3-D technology, hail to the King. Granted, I haven't seen a 3-D movie since the days before Captain Eo. Nevertheless, the effect was much improved, and made what could have been a staid underwater documentary comprised of what look to be outtakes from The Abyss into a riveting, jaw-dropping wonder.

I'll admit, I was also fond of Cameron's central conceit here, which is that our best bet for finding life in this solar system -- at Europa, say -- would be of the kind inexplicably thriving around thermal vents in the darkest, deepest parts of the ocean, where the sun never shines (and thus photosynthesis never takes place.) And what strange life it is! Innumerable swarming shrimp scuttle between ice-cold and boiling-hot water with nary an antenna twitch. Strange symbiotic tube worms ensnare food for their inner bacteria, which digests for them. Ethereal jellyfish float by, improbably yet undeniably alive. And, thanks to the 3-D, it seems you can reach out and touch all of these creatures just before your eyes -- in fact, you can see them better in their natural habitat than any human being possibly could. It's really quite amazing.

Like I said, I don't know if Aliens of the Deep would be everyone's cup of tea -- most of the film just involves young astrobiologists and underwater explorers enthusing over their wild and crazy jobs in tiny little subs. But, whenever a strange new animal popped up on the screen, and particuarly when the camera hurtles past the moons of Jupiter on its CGI-way to far-flung Europa, I thought to myself, "Now, that's Edutainment!"

"In the quest for artificial intelligence, the United States is perhaps just as advanced as Japan. But analysts stress that the focus in the United States has been largely on military applications. By contrast, the Japanese government, academic institutions and major corporations are investing billions of dollars on consumer robots aimed at altering everyday life, leading to an earlier dawn of what many here call the 'age of the robot.'" And to think I was geeking out over the Roomba just a few weeks ago.

Alright, stop, collaborate, and listen -- Images sent back by the ESA's Mars Express show the remants of icebergs once floating in a Martian Sea near the equator, and suggest that large ice blocks may well still exist just underneath the dusty surface (increasing both the chances of life on the Red Planet and the prospects for a successful manned mission.) Word to your mother.

After perusing "methane signatures and other possible signs of biological activity," two NASA researchers claim there may well be life presently existing in subsurface Martian caves. We're talking mitochondria, not Morlocks...but still, such a discovery would be exciting stuff, to say the least.

It didn't look good before, but now it seems the Hubble's days are really numbered. NASA, who otherwise comes out ok under the new Bush budget, nevertheless cancelled plans to service the telescope by robot (strangely enough, before the engineers in charge could even present their work.) I have a bad feeling about this.

Score one for the ESA: The Huygens probe successfully lands on Titan and broadcasts images from the surface for five hours (a.k.a. much longer than expected.) (See, NASA? It's much easier to pull these types of missions off when you don't have to convert from standard to metric and back.) And now, for Europa... Update: 2020 Hindsight has done an exemplary job today of covering the details and implications of the landing.

"String theory, the Italian physicist Dr. Daniele Amati once said, was a piece of 21st-century physics that had fallen by accident into the 20th century. And, so the joke went, would require 22nd-century mathematics to solve." The New York Times surveys string theory at 20...fascinating stuff, but I still don't get it.

Well, I guess this what we get for re-electing a President who thinks "the jury's still out" on evolution. To help offset exploding Dubya deficits, Congress "has cut the budget for the National Science Foundation, an engine for research in science and technology, just two years after endorsing a plan to double the amount given to the agency." But, don't fret: "While cutting the budget of the science foundation, Congress found money for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in Birmingham, the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, bathhouses in Hot Springs, Ark., and hundreds of similar projects." Yep, priorities, people. (Although granted that cutting-edge cancer research probably costs more than Charlie Daniels' signed guitar.)

The trailer for James Cameron's IMAX-3D extravaganza Aliens of the Deep is now online. I wonder if Cameron'll get the shakes like Michael Biehn in The Abyss.

There's no Bagginses 'round here. They're all out in Flores.

"Sun is shinin' in the sky, there ain't a cloud in sight..." Life imitates art as scientists attempt to achieve "therapeutic forgetting", a.k.a. the focused erasure of memories. Right now, though, they haven't got much past dulling the edge off old remembrances. "Our experiences and our memories in a lot of ways define us and define who we are," notes Stanford ethicist David Magnus about the field, "[a]nd so that's a scary step to go down. We should be very careful about going down a path that could lead to a serious alteration of the core essence of our identities." Can you hear me? I don't want this anymore, I want to call it off!

An hour after tonight's town hall debate in St. Louis, the immediate spin seems to be that it was a draw, mainly because Dubya didn't scowl and sputter to the extent he did last time around. (The "soft bigotry of low expectations" strikes again.) But it must be a Two Americas thing, 'cause that's not the debate I saw...most of the time I was waiting for Rove and Cheney to run on stage, hold a light to Dubya's eyes, and squirt some water in his mouth. As before, John Kerry radiated calm, determination, and a quick, roving intelligence. In a word, leadership. Dubya, on the other hand, was once again all hat and no cattle, trying to shirk, smirk, weasel, bluster, and lie his way through the proceedings. "Flip-flopper," "global test," tax-and-spend, etc...Dubya sought to evade every single question about his dismal record with a insult or a threat, even going so far as to throw around "Liberal" desperately, a word still verboten since his Daddy ran it through the mud in '88.

Kerry's been surging since last Thursday, and I expect it'll continue after tonight. But I confess, I really can't wrap my mind around how anyone could have watched tonight's event and think Bush would be the better choice between these two men. With the possible exception of the canned Red Sox quip, there wasn't a moment when Kerry didn't seem presidential and didn't hold the upper hand. And, as for Dubya...based on tonight, I wouldn't trust this guy to run the local chapter of the Elks, much less the Oval Office. No mistakes made at all, Mr. President? Who wants a President so blatantly unreflective about life-and-death decisions? I mean, he could have at least tried to look one up on the Internets. Would forgetting about your timber company count as a mistake?

That being said, I think we can all breathe a sigh of relief that, when considering the inevitable Supreme Court appointments over the next four years, Dubya has at least promised not to overturn Dred Scott v. Sandford. Phew! Say what you will about Dubya's godawful judicial nominees, at least we know they'll hold up the Thirteenth Amendment. (Civil rights and civil liberties, of course, are another matter...) Update: Ok, now I get it. It was a coded pro-life message to the right-wing fundies. (Via Blivet.) Update 2: Tim Noah talks more about Dred.

After SpaceShipOne's historic win yesterday, the X Prize becomes the X Cup. "Teams will compete in five different categories to win the overall cup: Fastest turnaround time between the first launch and second landing, maximum number of passengers per launch, total number of passengers during the competition, maximum altitude and fastest flight time."

Score one for the "model builders"! SpaceShipOne won the X Prize this morning, with nary a barrel roll in sight. This is big news, indeed. Might be time to start saving up my pennies.

"'Science counts, and it has not counted sufficiently in this administration.'" The NYT reports on the birth of the bipartisan group Scientists and Engineers for Change (covered yesterday at Medley.)

Despite an unplanned and disconcerting series of barrel rolls on the way up, FlightTwo and TripOne for SpaceShipOne was a rousing success. Now, if they can repeat the feat within the next ten days, the elusive X Prize is theirs, and the business of space tourism will have reached a watershed moment. (Indeed, Richard Branson has already announced he'll be leasing SS1 tech to kick off Virgin Galactic.) But first, they might want to figure out what's causing that roll.

"'It is a pattern that has built up over time,' said Dr Jason Wilder, from the University of Arizona in Tucson, USA. 'The norm through human evolution is for more women to have...children than men. There are men around who aren't able to have children, because they are being out-competed by more successful males.'" One of my high school roommates -- now a biologist at Arizona -- unearths genetic evidence that prehistoric Lotharios really got around, while Beta Cavemales have always had it bad. I dunno, I always thought Barney Rubble did pretty well for himself...

Alas, on its way back from exploring the solar winds, the Genesis capsule plowed into the Earth today at 100 miles an hour after its chutes failed to open. <Khan>KIRK!!!</Khan>

The International Space Station is soon slated to pick up a princely view.

Don't call it a comeback...maggots return as an accepted medical tool. Well, I for one am overjoyed. The jury's still out on bleeding, I guess.

"The more black holes eat, the more they spill, and it is widely thought that their feeding frenzies power the violence seen in the nuclei of many galaxies, including the powerful quasars that are so bright they outshine their parent galaxies." The NY Times delves into the strange sounds emanating from black holes. "The frequency of these waves was equivalent to a B flat, 57 octaves below middle C, the astronomers calculated."

An outside panel of experts entreat NASA to save the Hubble, "arguably the most important telescope in history." Given it's been both a rare PR victory for the administration and an amazing source of scientific data, one would think the Hubble would remain a top priority, even despite all the new talk of Mars.

A White House Commission on NASA will recommend increased privatization as part of the space agency's upcoming redesign. At first glance, this sounds like Dubya kicking more money back to his favorite companies. That being said, my lefty-leaning friends who work in the aerospace industry have told me that NASA's current culture is far too risk-averse and bureaucratic to ever be very efficient, and that privatization may be the only way to make continued space exploration feasible. If so, I guess I'm for it.

"The border collie, a breed known primarily for its herding ability, was able to go to the room with the toys and, seven times out of 10, bring back the one he had not seen before. The dog seemingly understood that because he knew the names of all the other toys, the new one must be the one with the unfamiliar name." New research suggests that dogs understand language quicker than we think. Duh...You should see how fast Berk learned the menu at KFC/Taco Bell.

"Science, to quote President Bush's father, the former president, relies on freedom of inquiry and objectivity...But this administration has obstructed that freedom and distorted that objectivity in ways that were unheard of in any previous administration." Over 60 scientists (including 20 Nobel laureates) call out the Bush administration for its lack of scientific integrity. In science as with everything else, it seems, Dubya's approach is "faith-based."

A new German study finds sleep is essential for creativity. Hmm, well that explains a lot over in these parts.

In celebration of a quarter-century of Science Times, the paper ruminates on the 25 questions currently driving science, while Alan Lightman ponders the motivations that fuel scientists. I'm not sure if the likes of Stephen Hawking are really contemplating Atlantis, but there's some intriguing stuff here.

Also in science news, CNN examines the cultural divide between the US and Russia over space exploration. My friends who've worked for NASA in some capacity have also complained about a risk-aversiveness bordering on the ridiculous within America's space program, even with regard to unmanned missions. As one put it, for considerably less than the cost it takes to make one probe perfect, we could send up multiple probes -- each with a 90% success rate -- and just play the odds, which turn out to be roughly equivalent. Obviously, the calculus of safety for manned missions should be more stringent, but still, I'd think many astronauts would be willing to accept a greater degree of risk if it meant a reinvigoration of the space program.

General Wesley Clark stumps for faster-than-light travel in New Hampshire. "I still believe in e=mc�, but I can't believe that in all of human history, we'll never ever be able to go beyond the speed of light to reach where we want to go. I happen to believe that mankind can do it...It's my only faith-based initiative." Well, I guess he's up on Dubya, who's still trying to work out evolution. At the same rally, Clark introduced Professor John Frink as his potential National Science Advisor. "Suppose we extend the square beyond the two dimensions of our universe... along the hypothetical Z axis, there..."

Jonathan Rauch of The Atlantic Monthly examines the environmental promise of genetically modified crops - and the sadly reflexive distaste for said crops in several environmentalist corners.

Apparently it doesn't matter if you talk in your sleep - researchers can now figure you out just by looking at you. "The freefall, flat on the tummy with the hands at the sides of the head, is the most unusual position. Only 6.5 percent of people prefer it and they are usually brash and gregarious." Strangely enough, this is pretty much the only way I ever fall asleep, and I had assumed it meant the opposite.

A 40-page House report (prepared by Henry Waxman) finds that the Bush Administration consistently misuses science data to buttress their political goals. But what can you really expect from a President who believes "the jury's still out" on evolution?

Y'know, I've been waiting to hear this type of news for years. Apparently coho salmon and quail males also affect an ironic distance and disaffected world-weariness that make them the apple of females' eyes.

Scientists attempt to create new life, which is fascinating but a bit unnerving, particularly considering how long they spend in this article declaring, "Don't worry - absolutely, positively nothing will go wrong." Don't these people ever go to the movies?

"I must not fear. Fear is the mindkiller. Fear is the little-death that brings total obliteration. I will face my fear. I will permit it to pass over and through me. And when it is gone I will turn the inner eye to see its path. Where the fear has gone there will be nothing. Only I will remain."

Particle physicists plan to build a "neutrino factory" in the UK. I almost spent a summer in high school searching for neutrinos in a Spanish mine (as part of a mandatory science thesis), until at the last minute I switched to an astrophysics project instead. Examining cosmic background radiation for fractal patterns...very trendy at the time.

An Australian research team may have pulled off a successful scramjet test, which, according to the article, would mean "one of the most significant technological advances since American Chuck Yaeger became the first person to break the sound barrier in 1947." If nothing else, to be able to fly to Australia and back in two hours would be something else.

Archaeologists discover a surprising new ancestor in the Djurab desert.

Mathematics professor Jordan Ellenberg explains why the media is so taken with Stephen Wolfram's recent tome.

Mathematical Lego Sculptures, via Girlhacker.

Discover interviews physicist John Wheeler about the quantum nature of reality. Wheeler conjectures we are part of a universe that is a work in progress; we are tiny patches of the universe looking at itself� and building itself. It's not only the future that is still undetermined but the past as well. And by peering back into time, even all the way back to the Big Bang, our present observations select one out of many possible quantum histories for the universe. (Via Anil Dash.)

Scientists line up for and against former boy genius Stephen Wolfram's paradigm-busting paean to algorithms.

Researchers come ever closer to teaching common sense to Cyc, the thinking computer. In 1986 Cyc asked whether it was human. That same year it asked whether any other computers were engaged in such a project. Shades of Douglas Adams' Deep Thought.